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Ancient Greek verbs have four moods (indicative, imperative, subjunctive and optative), three voices (active, middle and passive), as well as three persons (first, second and third) and three numbers (singular, dual and plural). Verbs are conjugated in four main combinations of tense and aspect (present, future, perfect, and aorist), with a full complement of moods for each of these main "tenses", except for the following restrictions: *There is no future subjunctive or imperative. *There are separate passive-voice forms (distinct from the middle) only in the future and aorist. In addition, for each of the four "tenses", there exist, in each voice, an infinitive and participles. There is also an imperfect indicative that can be constructed from the present using a prefix (the "augment") and the secondary endings. A pluperfect and a future perfect indicative also exist, built on the perfect stem, but these are relatively rare, especially the future perfect. The distinction of the "tenses" in moods other than the indicative is predominantly one of aspect rather than time. The Ancient Greek verbal system preserves nearly all the complexities of Proto-Indo-European (PIE). A distinction is traditionally made between the so-called athematic verbs, with endings affixed directly to the root (also called mi-verbs) and the thematic class of verbs which present a "thematic" vowel /o/ or /e/ before the ending. All athematic roots end in a vowel except for /es-/ "be" and /hes-/ "sit". The endings are classified into ''primary'' (those used in the present, future, perfect and rare future perfect of the indicative, as well as in the subjunctive) and ''secondary'' (used in the aorist, imperfect, and pluperfect of the indicative, as well as in the optative). Ancient Greek also preserves the PIE middle voice and adds a passive voice, with separate forms only in the future and aorist (elsewhere, the middle forms are used). ==Tenses== The Ancient Greek verbal system has seven tense-aspect forms, traditionally called "tenses". The temporal distinctions only appear in the indicative.〔Based on table in Hardy Hansen and Gerald M. Quinn. ''Greek: An Intensive Course''. Second revised edition 1992. p. 41.〕 Four of these forms (in bold) are found in other moods, where they distinguish aspect only, or, in the case of the future, express relative tense. *Present (Greek ἐνεστώς ''enestṓs'' "standing within") describes an action which is happening at the time of speaking or regularly: :ἀνὴρ θύει βοῦν. :''anḕr thýei boûn.'' :A man is sacrificing an ox. *Imperfect (Greek παρατατικός ''paratatikós'', from παρατείνω ''parateínō'' "prolong") describes an action which used to happen in the past: :ἀνὴρ ἔθυε βοῦν. :''anḕr éthye boûn.'' :A man used to sacrifice an ox. *Future (Greek μέλλων ''méllōn'' "about to be") describes an action which will happen in the future: :ἀνὴρ θύσει βοῦν. :''anḕr thýsei boûn.'' :A man will sacrifice an ox. *Aorist (Greek ἀόριστος ''aóristos'' "unbounded" or "indefinite") describes an action "pure and simple."〔Frank Beetham, ''Learning Greek with Plato'', Bristol Phoenix Press, 2007, p. 362.〕 :ἀνὴρ ἔθυσε βοῦν. :''anḕr éthyse boûn.'' :A man sacrificed an ox. *Perfect (Greek παρακείμενος ''parakeímenos'' "lying nearby") describes a present state resulting from a finished action: :ἀνὴρ τέθυκε βοῦν. :''anḕr téthyke boûn.'' :A man has sacrificed an ox. *Pluperfect (Greek ὑπερσυντέλικος ''hypersyntélikos'' "more than completed") describes a past state resulting from a (farther in the past) finished action: :ἀνὴρ ἐτεθύκει βοῦν. :''anḕr etethýkei boûn.'' :A man had sacrificed an ox. *Future Perfect (Greek συντελεσμένος μέλλων ''syntelesménos méllōn'' "about to be completed") describes a future state that will result from a finished action: :ἀνὴρ τεθυκὼς ἔσται βοῦν. :''anḕr tethykṑs éstai boûn.'' :A man will have sacrificed an ox. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ancient Greek verbs」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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